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メタ、メタ認知とは
あなたは、自分のことをどれだけ知っていますか?
例えば「私は聴き上手だ」と自覚しているとします。
「『聴き上手』だと思っていたけど、本当に『聴き上手』なのだろうか?」と自分を検証してみます。
もしかしたら『聴き上手』の意味を誤解しているかもしれません。
「知っていると思っているだけで、本当の意味で知っているわけではない」ということに気づくことがあります。
単なる『思い込み』ですね。
自分自身を「客観視してみる」「俯瞰してみる」と、本当の自分に気づくことがあります。
自分が認知していることを認知すること、これを『メタ認知』と言います。
ソクラテスの『無知の知』という言葉を聞いたことありますか?
ソクラテスは「知らないことを自覚することが真の知への出発点である」ということを言っています。
何かを考えるときに、その見方を当たり前と考えずに、その見方そのものを見直す観点を持つことが大切です。
「メタ的な視点」とか「メタ的な思考」と呼ばれます。
『メタ』の元々の意味は、ギリシャ語の「meta」に由来する言葉です。
「高次の」とか「超える」といった意味に訳されています。
メタ・コミュニケーションとは
メタ・コミュニケーションとは、「コミュニケーションについてのコミュニケーション」のことです。
直訳すると、「言語を超えたコミュニケーション」とか、「上から距離を置いて見たコミュニケーション」といった意味があります。
私たちがコミュニケーションを行う時には、コミュニケーションの進め方についての合意がなければうまくいきません。
会話の中で、今どのような場面にいるのかについての相互の了解があるからこそ会話が成り立ちます。
それが分かるからこそ、発言の順番や量についても適切な判断ができます。
分からない時には、確認する必要がありますし、状況に合わせて変更する必要があります。
メタ・コミュニケーションは、このコミュニケーションの確認・調整のためのコミュニケーションをすることです。
例えば、対話の中に入ってきた第三者は、「何を話しているの?」と尋ねることによって、コミュニケーションに入ろうとする意図を伝えると共に、入り方についての指示を求めています。
バーバルコミュニケーションとノンバーバルコミュニケーション
コミュニケーションには、バーバルコミュニケーションとノンバーバルコミュニケーションがあります。
バーバルコミュニケーションは、音声を用いたコミュニケーションです。
ノンバーバルコミュニケーションは、音声によらない身振り手振り、ジェスチャなど身体を用いたコミュニケーションです。
ノンバーバルコミュニケーションには、人同士の対面コミュニケーションにおいてコミュニケーションを円滑に行うためにコミュニケーションの内容や進行を調整するといった重要な機能である「メタ・コミュニケーション」があります。
会議などコミュニケーションへの参加者が多数の場合、司会者がこのメタ・コミュニケーションの機能を担います。
司会者は、コミュニケーションの開始・中断・終了の合図、発言の順番の指示、テーマについての発言や沈黙の要求などを行います。
そのような司会者の発言はすべてメタ・コミュニケーションです。
メタ・コミュニケーションは察知・推測、その場の雰囲気に気づく「あうんの呼吸」「以心伝心」といった要素を含むと言われます。
コーチングにおけるメタ・コミュニケーション
会話に違和感があるときに有効
コーチは、相手の言葉だけでなく、「言葉の奥にある感情」、つまり言葉では言い表せない相手の感情や思考を読み取り、「相手が本当は何を訴えているのか」の本質を掴むことが求められます。
そこでコーチは、相手の反応や会話そのものに違和感のあるときに、会話を止めて元に戻してみるということをします。
これが「メタ・コミュニケーション」です。
コーチングのスキルの一つでもあります。
目的は、今交わしているコミュニケーションがお互いに対して利益を生み出しているかどうかを確認することにあります。
会話が有効に機能しているかをチェックするために、会話を元に戻して考えてみます。
ちょっと前まで交わしていた会話を振り返りながら、客観的に自分たちの交わしていたコミュニケーションを確認します。
例えば、コーチは次のような質問をして、クライアント(相手)に確認したりします。
「ここまで話してみて、どんなことを感じていますか?」
「話したいことは話せていますか?」
「このままこの話題を続けていいですか?」
コーチも、メタ・コミュニケーションを使うことによって、自分の発言やコーチングに違和感や不安を持ったときに、それを確認することもできます。
例えば、次のような質問をします。
「話しにくくないですか?」
「遠慮してないですか?」
「話を誘導してしまったように思うのですが、どうですか?」
このような質問をきっかけにして、ここまでのコーチング・セッションの流れを確認し、あらためて目標に向かってコーチングを進めることができます。
また、クライアント(相手)に、今感じていることを話してもらったり、コーチが持っている考えや不安を投げかけたりすることによって、コーチとクライアントは、より深い関係を築くことにつながります。
メタ・コミュニケーションが効果的な場面
メタ・コミュニケーションはどのタイミングでも行うことができますが、コーチング・セッションでは、特に次のような場面で効果を発揮します。
- 会話が堂々巡りになっていると感じたとき
- 会話にズレを感じたとき
- 具体的な行動を決めたとき
メタ・コミュニケーションを効果的に取り入れることで、客観的な視点を持てるようになります。
メタ・コミュニケーションとエバリュエーション(評価)の違い
メタ・コミュニケーションとエバリュエーションは、目的が異なります。
メタ・コミュニケーションは、今交わしている会話に焦点を当て、会話が有効に機能しているかを確認することが目的です。
会話の途中でメタ・コミュニケーションをすることで、関係性を深めたり、目標に向けた会話を新たにつくり出したりすることができます。
一方、エバリュエーションは、コーチングによって何を達成したいのか、何を手に入れたいのかを確認・評価することが目的です。
エバリュエーションの質問例
「ここまで話してみてどうですか?」
「最初の目的は達成していますか?」
メタ・コミュニケーションの質問例
「今、話していて、どんなことを思っていますか?」
「自分が話していることについて、あなたはどのように感じていますか?」
2022/02/21 追記
この記事は音声付きのスライドアニメでもお楽しみいただけます。YouTube動画「メタ・コミュニケーション」の説明欄(概要欄)より、PDFファイルを登録不要でダウンロードできますので是非ご活用ください。
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